Quiz Topics
2.1.1 Work, Energy, and Power
Specific Competence: Students will be able to build a system that uses the ideas of work, energy, and power. Learning Activities: Students will build systems that make the most of mechanical energy, like a pendulum or a ramp. They will figure out how much work a force does on something. They will do experiments to see how force and movement are linked. They will measure and calculate mechanical energy (movement energy and stored energy). They will show that energy stays the same in mechanical systems. They will look at machines that use less energy, like cranes. They will calculate how well energy changes from one form to another. They will solve math problems about power in mechanical systems. Expected Standard: Students will correctly build a system that uses work, energy, and power.
2.1.2 Linear Momentum
Specific Competence: Students will be able to use the idea of linear momentum in daily life. Learning Activities: Students will explore momentum in real-life situations, like in sports, transport, accidents, and car safety. They will understand what momentum is. They will solve math problems about momentum. They will show that momentum stays the same when things crash (both bouncy and sticky crashes). They will explain what happens when someone drives too fast. Expected Standard: Students will correctly use the idea of linear momentum in real life.
2.1.3 Simple Machines
Specific Competence: Students will be able to build simple machines to fix problems in daily life. Learning Activities: Students will build simple machines like levers, pulleys, wedges, screws, wheels and axles, and gears. They will show how simple machines are used. They will find out the Mechanical Advantage (how much a machine multiplies force) and Velocity Ratio (how much faster the effort moves than the load). They will learn and use the formula to calculate how well simple machines work. Expected Standard: Students will build and use simple machines well.
2.1.4 Pressure
Specific Competence: Students will be able to use the ideas of pressure to solve problems in daily life. Learning Activities: Students will explain what pressure is and its units. They will learn how force and area are linked to pressure. They will measure pressure using tools like a manometer and barometer. They will learn Pascal’s Law (P = ρgh), which helps calculate pressure in liquids. They will calculate pressure in liquids and gases. They will find out what changes pressure, like how thick a liquid is, its depth, and gravity. They will do experiments on things floating and the upward push of water (Archimedes’ principle). They will build models that use pressure, like a hydraulic press, a car jack, or a barometer. Expected Standard: Students will correctly use pressure ideas to solve problems.
2.2.1 Simple Kinetic Theory of Matter
Specific Competence: Students will be able to explain how the kinetic theory has led to new technologies. Learning Activities: Students will explain the kinetic theory and how matter is made of tiny moving particles. They will show Brownian motion (random movement of particles), diffusion (spreading out), and evaporation (turning into gas). They will create new ideas based on kinetic theory, like a gas leak detector, something that stops heat transfer (insulator), or a fridge. Expected Standard: Students will correctly explain how the kinetic theory affects new inventions.
2.2.2 Measurement of Temperature
Specific Competence: Students will be able to measure temperature using the right tools. Learning Activities: Students will use different types of thermometers, like liquid thermometers, thermocouples, and infrared thermometers. They will find the boiling and melting points of substances. They will do experiments to see how pressure and dirt affect boiling and melting points. They will set up thermometers to give correct readings. They will look at how things like size, heaviness, and electrical resistance change with temperature. They will compare alcohol and mercury thermometers. They will link the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales. Expected Standard: Students will accurately measure temperature using the correct tools.
2.2.3 Expansion of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Specific Competence: Students will be able to show how solids, liquids, and gases get bigger. Learning Activities: Students will show how different forms of matter get bigger when heated (including water, which acts strangely when it gets cold). They will show that different materials expand at different rates. They will use gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’, Gay-Lussac’s, and the Ideal Gas Law) to understand how gases behave. Expected Standard: Students will correctly show expansion using experiments.
2.2.4 Internal Combustion Engine
Specific Competence: Students will be able to show how internal combustion engines work. Learning Activities: Students will name different kinds of engines, like those that use sparks, compression, or a spinning design. They will build a model of a four-stroke engine. They will compare how well diesel engines work compared to petrol engines. They will learn about hybrid engines and new engine technologies. Expected Standard: Students will accurately show how engines work.
2.2.5 Heat Transfer
Specific Competence: Students will be able to use the ideas of how heat moves. Learning Activities: Students will show conduction (heat moving through touch), convection (heat moving through liquids or gases), and radiation (heat moving through waves). They will apply these ideas to daily life, like how flasks keep drinks hot or cold, how fridges work, car radiators, breezes, and heating elements. They will show which materials let heat pass through easily (good conductors) and which do not (bad conductors), and which materials soak up heat well. They will show the greenhouse effect. Expected Standard: Students will correctly use the ideas of heat transfer.
2.2.6 Measurement of Heat
Specific Competence: Students will be able to solve real-world and math problems about heat. Learning Activities: Students will learn terms like heat capacity (how much heat something can hold), specific heat (heat needed to warm up a specific amount of a substance), and latent heat (heat needed to change state without changing temperature). They will solve math and real-world problems about heat. They will tell the difference between heat energy and temperature. They will measure heat capacity and specific heat capacity. They will find out the latent heat needed for melting and boiling. Expected Standard: Students will accurately solve heat problems.
2.3.1 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves
Specific Competence: Students will be able to solve real-world and math problems about waves. Learning Activities: Students will explain wave terms like amplitude (wave height), wavelength (distance between wave peaks), period (time for one wave), frequency (how many waves per second), and wavefront (the front of a wave). They will tell the difference between longitudinal waves (particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave) and transverse waves (particles move up and down, across the wave direction). They will solve math problems about waves. They will build devices to show waves. Expected Standard: Students will solve wave problems and create wave devices.
2.3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Specific Competence: Students will be able to understand information about electromagnetic waves. Learning Activities: Students will explain the electromagnetic spectrum (the range of all types of light). They will show the spectrum using different wave types. They will learn about their features, where they come from, and how they are used. They will find out how to detect these waves. They will look into the harmful effects and how to stay safe from them. Expected Standard: Students will correctly understand information about electromagnetic waves.
2.4.1 Properties and Applications of Sound
Specific Competence: Students will be able to use devices to show the features of sound. Learning Activities: Students will point out the parts that vibrate in things that make sound, like a guitar, drums, or a tuning fork. They will do experiments to see how sound travels through solids, liquids, and gases. They will measure sound using tools like an oscilloscope and a sound meter. They will use a slinky to show rarefaction (spread out parts of a wave) and compression (squashed parts of a wave). They will do experiments to find the speed of sound. They will talk about sound features like frequency (how high or low), pitch (how high or low a sound seems), loudness, timbre (sound quality), interference (waves combining), and diffraction (waves bending). They will use computer programs to copy sound features. They will sort sounds by how often they vibrate, what they travel through, where they come from, and how we hear them. They will talk about how sound is used in music, ultrasound, sonar, and technology. They will look into how noise pollution affects health and the environment. Expected Standard: Students will correctly use devices to show sound features.