Quiz Topics
Quantitative Chemistry and Stoichiometry
Specific Competence: Students will find the amount of substance (moles). They will describe and calculate chemical formulas (empirical and molecular formulas). They will understand and apply how much substance is in a solution (concentration). They will prepare exact solutions. They will do calculations for chemical reactions (stoichiometry), including finding water in compounds (hydrates), how much product is made (percentage yield), and how pure a substance is. Learning Activities: Students will solve mole problems using the number of tiny particles, the substance's weight, or the volume of gases. They will find empirical and molecular formulas from percentage amounts or mass data. They will describe and calculate solution concentration and use the dilution law. They will prepare exact solutions from solids or strong liquids. They will do calculations involving moles, masses, gas volumes, and titration. They will use weighing and titration to find water in hydrates. Expected Standard: Students correctly find moles, empirical and molecular formulas, and apply solution concentration. They correctly prepare standard solutions. They correctly do all calculations for chemical reactions, including moles in hydrates, percentage yield, and percentage purity.
Periodic Table
2.1.1 Chemical Bonding
Specific Competence: Show that you understand what chemical bonding is. Learning Activities: Describe what chemical bonding means; explain the different kinds of bonds, such as ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. Expected Standard: Correct understanding of chemical bonding is shown.
1.1 Introduction to Chemistry and Laboratory Skills
Specific Competence: Understand chemistry, its importance, and how to work safely and accurately in a lab. Learning Activities: Students will learn what chemistry is and its main areas. They will find out why chemistry is important in daily life, like in food or medicine. They will learn how to stay safe in the lab, including using equipment and handling waste correctly. They will practice measuring things accurately. Expected Standard: Students will show they understand chemistry and its importance. They will correctly follow lab safety rules, manage waste, use lab tools, and measure accurately.
Introduction to Chemistry
Environmental Stoichiometry and Atom Economy
Specific Competence: Students will solve environmental problems using chemical calculation rules (stoichiometry). They will describe atom economy as a way to measure how efficient a reaction is. Learning Activities: Students will study what clean air is made of. They will explore how chemical reactions affect the environment. They will learn about the benefits of atom economy, such as making less waste, causing less harm to the environment, and using fewer resources. Expected Standard: Students correctly use chemical calculation rules to solve environmental problems. They correctly explain and apply the benefits of atom economy.
2.1.2 Ions and Chemical Formulae
Specific Competence: Understand how ions form and how to write chemical formulas for compounds. Learning Activities: Explain what ions are; describe how positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) form; link their electrical charges to their combining power (valency); identify common groups of atoms with a charge (radicals like carbonate, sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate); figure out chemical formulas using the charges or valencies of atoms; understand what binary (two-element) and ternary (three-element) compounds are. Expected Standard: Show correct understanding of ions and their formation; write chemical formulas and name compounds correctly.
1.2 Matter and its States
Specific Competence: Understand matter, its different forms (states), and how it behaves when heated or cooled. Learning Activities: Students will explore the forms of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. They will learn about the tiny particles that make up matter, like atoms and molecules. They will understand how these particles move (kinetic theory of matter) and how this explains changes like diffusion (spreading out). They will also learn to draw and understand graphs that show how matter changes when heated or cooled. Expected Standard: Students will show they understand matter, how its particles move, and how to work with heating and cooling graphs.
The Particulate Nature of Matter
1.3 Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, and Separation
Specific Competence: Understand elements, compounds, and mixtures. Tell the difference between physical and chemical changes. Test how pure a substance is and separate mixtures. Learning Activities: Students will describe elements (basic substances), compounds (substances made from two or more elements joined together), and mixtures (substances physically combined) and show how they are different. They will learn about changes that substances go through, whether they are physical (like melting ice) or chemical (like burning wood). They will learn how to check if a substance is pure and why this is important. Students will also practice different ways to separate mixtures, such as filtering (removing solids from liquids) or distilling (separating liquids by boiling and condensing). Expected Standard: Students will show they understand elements, compounds, and mixtures. They will correctly tell the difference between physical and chemical changes. They will be able to check for purity and separate mixtures correctly.
Safety Rules in Laboratory
2.1.4 Types of Chemical Bonds and Structures
Specific Competence: Understand different types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) and their everyday uses; classify compounds based on their structure. Learning Activities: Define ionic bonds, explain how they form, and describe properties like high melting/boiling points, electrical conductivity when molten or dissolved, solid state, and density; identify common uses of ionic compounds. Explain covalent bonds as shared electron pairs, showing how single, double, and triple bonds form (e.g., in H₂, O₂, N₂); describe properties like low melting/boiling points and not conducting electricity; identify common uses of covalent compounds. Explain metallic bonding as the attraction between positive metal ions and moving (delocalised) electrons; identify everyday uses of metals. Describe and draw different structures like simple molecules, very large molecules (macromolecules), and ionic crystal structures. Expected Standard: Show correct understanding of each bond type and how they are used; classify compounds into simple or giant structures correctly.
Thermochemistry and Enthalpy Changes
Specific Competence: Students will understand energy changes in chemical reactions. They will calculate the energy change (enthalpy change) for reactions that release heat (exothermic) and reactions that absorb heat (endothermic). Learning Activities: Students will describe reactions that release heat and reactions that absorb heat. They will investigate energy changes using bond energies, energy diagrams, or experiments. They will connect these changes to natural processes like breathing and photosynthesis. They will calculate energy changes using the energy needed to break and form chemical bonds, and using temperature changes from experiments. Expected Standard: Students correctly show understanding of energy changes in reactions. They correctly calculate enthalpy changes.
1.4 Atomic Structure
Specific Competence: Understand what an atom is and its parts. Know the properties of these tiny parts. Calculate the number of these parts in an atom. Learning Activities: Students will learn about different models of the atom. They will identify the tiny parts inside an atom: protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge). They will learn about the charge and weight of each part and why an atom is usually neutral (has no overall charge). They will also learn about atomic number (number of protons) and mass number (total protons and neutrons), and how to use them to find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Expected Standard: Students will show they understand atomic structure and the properties of its parts. They will correctly calculate the number of subatomic particles.
2.2.1 Chemical Reactions and Equations
Specific Competence: Understand how chemical reactions work and write chemical equations correctly. Learning Activities: Describe what a chemical reaction is; identify different types of reactions such as combining (synthesis), breaking apart (decomposition), one element replacing another (single displacement), two compounds swapping parts (double displacement), and reactions that keep going (chain reactions). Convert written descriptions of reactions into chemical symbols; balance these equations to show the correct number of atoms on both sides, including symbols for solid, liquid, gas, or dissolved in water; write equations that show only the ions that react (ionic equations). Expected Standard: Show correct understanding of chemical reactions; write chemical equations correctly.
Experimental Techniques
Energy Sources and Nuclear Energy
Specific Competence: Students will explain why new types of energy sources are needed. They will understand nuclear energy (fission and fusion). They will analyze how nuclear energy is used. Learning Activities: Students will explore energy sources that can be replaced (renewable) versus those that cannot (non-renewable), considering their safety, cost, and environmental effects. They will examine pollution, the greenhouse effect, and global warming. They will study examples of nuclear power plants, including their design, how they work, and safety. They will weigh the good and bad points of nuclear energy. They will discuss solutions for challenges like safety and getting rid of waste. They will look at how nuclear energy is used in medicine, industry, and making electricity. Expected Standard: Students correctly explain why new energy sources are needed. They correctly show understanding of nuclear energy. They correctly analyze the uses of nuclear energy.
Chemical Equilibrium
Specific Competence: Students will understand when chemical reactions reach a balance (equilibrium) in reversible reactions. They will show that reactions can go both ways. They will analyze the features of a balanced state where reactions are still happening (dynamic equilibrium). They will investigate what changes this balance. Learning Activities: Students will explain that equilibrium means the forward and backward reactions happen at the same speed, and the amounts of substances stay constant. They will observe reactions that can go both ways, such as the breakdown of ammonium salts by heat. They will explore how fast reactions happen and how amounts of substances remain steady in dynamic equilibrium. They will investigate how temperature, concentration, and pressure affect equilibrium. They will apply these ideas to industrial processes, such as making ammonia (Haber process). Expected Standard: Students correctly show understanding of chemical equilibrium. They correctly show that reactions can go both ways. They correctly analyze the features of dynamic equilibrium. They correctly evaluate what changes equilibrium.
2.3.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions
Specific Competence: Understand how fast chemical reactions happen and investigate what changes their speed. Learning Activities: Define what reaction rate means; conduct experiments to study reaction rates; explain the difference between reactions that give out heat (exothermic) and those that take in heat (endothermic); draw graphs to show how reaction rates change; identify factors that affect reaction rate, such as temperature, concentration (how much substance is dissolved), pressure (for gases), surface area (how much of a solid is exposed), catalysts (substances that speed up reactions without being used up), and light. Expected Standard: Apply knowledge correctly and interpret experimental data.
1.5 Atomic Structure Applications and Isotopes
Specific Competence: Interpret chemical symbols. Show how electrons are arranged in an atom. Calculate the average mass of an element. Handle radioactive forms of elements safely. Learning Activities: Students will learn to read and write chemical symbols (e.g., H for hydrogen) and special notations for atoms (nuclide notation). They will understand how electrons are arranged in shells (energy levels) around the atom's nucleus (electronic configuration) and how this relates to the Periodic Table. They will learn about isotopes (atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons) and how to calculate an element's average atomic mass (relative atomic mass). Students will also explore how radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) are used in areas like medicine and energy, and learn how to handle them safely due to their health risks. Expected Standard: Students will correctly read chemical symbols and notations. They will correctly apply electron arrangements. They will correctly calculate relative atomic mass. They will show how to manage radioisotopes safely.
Atomic Structure and Periodic Table
Bonding
2.4.1 Oxidation and Reduction
Specific Competence: Interpret oxidation and reduction reactions (redox reactions). Learning Activities: Define oxidation and reduction in terms of gaining or losing oxygen, gaining or losing hydrogen, gaining or losing electrons, and changes in oxidation state (a number that shows how many electrons an atom has gained or lost); tell the difference between redox reactions and reactions that are not redox; carry out tests to identify substances that cause oxidation (oxidising agents) or cause reduction (reducing agents), using chemicals like potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, or iodide/starch. Expected Standard: Interpret redox reactions correctly.
Electrochemistry and Electrolysis
Specific Competence: Students will understand the link between electricity and chemical reactions. They will evaluate the features and uses of materials that carry electricity (conductors) versus those that do not (non-conductors). They will understand processes that use electricity to cause chemical changes (electrolysis). Learning Activities: Students will investigate how well materials carry electricity. They will research how conductors and non-conductors are used in electronics, transport, and medicine. They will describe electrolysis. They will investigate substances that conduct electricity when melted or dissolved (electrolytes) versus those that do not. They will study how molten ionic compounds break down when electricity passes through them. They will figure out what substances form at the positive and negative terminals. They will discuss the list of metals based on their reactivity with electricity (electrochemical series) and the electrical power of electrodes. Expected Standard: Students correctly understand the link between electricity and chemical reactions. They correctly evaluate the features and uses of conductors and non-conductors. They correctly show understanding of electrolysis.
2.5.1 Composition of Acids, Bases, Salts
Specific Competence: Analyze what acids, bases, and salts are made of. Learning Activities: Investigate the components of acids, bases, and salts. Expected Standard: Analyze their composition correctly.
Macromolecules
2.5.2 Acids and Bases
Specific Competence: Understand what acids and bases are, including their different types and properties. Learning Activities: Understand different kinds of acids (like organic acids from living things or inorganic acids from minerals, strong or weak acids, and acids that can donate one, two, or three hydrogen ions); analyze their physical (e.g., state) and chemical properties (e.g., how they react). Understand different kinds of bases (like alkalis that dissolve in water, strong or weak bases); analyze their physical and chemical properties, such as their ability to dissolve, having a pH greater than 7, being electrolytes (conducting electricity), and how they react with acids or ammonium salts. Expected Standard: Show correct understanding and analysis of acids and bases.
Chemical Formulae and Equations
Acids, Bases, and Salts
2.5.4 Oxides and Acid-Base Indicators
Specific Competence: Classify different types of oxides and use indicators to measure how acidic or basic a substance is (pH). Learning Activities: Classify oxides into acidic (react with bases), basic (react with acids), amphoteric (react with both acids and bases), or neutral (react with neither); identify their uses. Use common indicators like litmus paper, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, and universal indicator, or a pH meter to find the pH of solutions; make simple indicators from local materials. Expected Standard: Classify oxides correctly; use indicators to determine pH correctly.
2.5.6 Salts
Specific Competence: Prepare and obtain different types of salts; analyze how salts are used in real life. Learning Activities: Prepare salts using methods like neutralization (acid + base), precipitation (forming a solid from solution), and crystallization (forming crystals from solution); understand concepts like solubility (how well something dissolves), water of crystallization (water molecules trapped in crystals), and how some salts absorb water (hygroscopic), lose water (efflorescent), or dissolve in absorbed water (deliquescent); identify uses of salts in food preservation, medicine, and agriculture. Expected Standard: Prepare salts correctly and analyze their uses.
Oxides
2.5.7 Qualitative Analysis
Specific Competence: Investigate what ions are in salts; apply this analysis to everyday products. Learning Activities: Conduct tests to identify specific positive ions (cations) like aluminum (Al³⁺), ammonium (NH₄⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), iron(II) (Fe²⁺), iron(III) (Fe³⁺), and zinc (Zn²⁺); conduct tests to identify specific negative ions (anions) like carbonate (CO₃²⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), iodide (I⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), and sulfate (SO₄²⁻); perform tests to identify common gases like ammonia (NH₃), carbon dioxide (CO₂), chlorine (Cl₂), hydrogen (H₂), oxygen (O₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and water vapor (H₂O). Expected Standard: Investigate ion and gas composition correctly; apply this analysis to economical products.